A SURVEY OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
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A SURVEY OF
EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EGOR LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
This study
examined the survey of examination malpractice among senior secondary schools
in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Three (3) out of the (12) twelve
public secondary schools and two (2) private secondary schools were selected
for the study. Hundred (100) out of the three hundred and five (305) teachers
in the selected schools were used for the study. The questionnaire was employed
for data collection and these data were analyzed using tables and percentages
(%). Result from the analysis revealed that both parents and teachers help
students in carrying out examination malpractice. The study offers practical
recommendations to education policy makers and administrators, and human
resource professionals on how to reduce the rate of examination malpractice
among senior secondary school students. Also included are suggested areas for
further studies.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract vi
Table of
Contents vii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study 1
1.2
Statement of Problem 7
1.3 Research
Question 8
1.4 Purpose
of the Study 9
1.5
Significance of the Study 10
1.6
Limitations 10
1.7
Definition of Terms 11
CHAPTER TWO:
Review of
Related Literature 12
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
Research
Design 31
Population
of the Study 31
Sample 31
Instrument
for Data Collection 32
Validation
of the Instrument 32
Reliability
of the Instrument 33
Administration
of the Instrument 33
Method of
Data Analysis 34
CHAPTER
FOUR: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
Presentation
and Interpretation of Result 35
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of
the Study 47
Conclusion
49
Recommendations
50
Suggestion
for Further Studies 51
References
52
Appendix 54
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Examinations
in Nigerian schools dated back to the advent of formal education in the country
in the 1800s and it was patterned after the British system. As such, the 1987
ordinance made provision for examinations in schools that have attained the
requisite percentage of proficiency (Adesina, 1990; Bandele, 2005). Towards
this end, all secondary schools in the country are expected to teach their
object is to meet the requirements of examination bodies for the senior
secondary school certificate organized by the West African Examinations Council
and the National Examinations Commission (FGN, 2004).
In Egor
Local Government, examinations are either internal or public. Internal
examinations set by teachers in the form of class tests and end of term
examinations. Public examinations on the other hand, are examinations that are
conducted in the public interest by recognized examining bodies that were not,
involved in organizing instruction or preparing students for the examinations
(Addison, 1990; Slami, 1992; Adeyemi, 1998). Notwithstanding the importance of
examinations in the educational system of the state, the instances of
malpractices during examinations have been identified (Cromwell, 2000; Aeyegbe,
2002). These malpractices include misrepresentation of identity or
impersonation, cheating, theft of other students’ work, tampering with the
works of others; bringing prepared answers to examination halls, unethical use
of academic resources, fabrication of results, and showing disregard to
academic regulations (Gross, 2003; Owuamanam, 2005). These vices have been
regarded as academic misbehaviour capable of truncating an educational system
(Glasner, 2002; Ogunwuyi, 2005). They have also been regarded by researchers
(Omotosho, 1992; Hurwitz and Hurwitz, 2004) as dishonesty in examinations
perpetrated by a person or a group of persons.
Common
observations in the local government show that examination malpractices occur
in both public and private secondary schools. Although, some researchers argued
that examination malpractices occur at a high rate in public schools (Baiyelo,
2004; Daniel 2005), other researchers (Ijaiya, 2000, Igwe, 2004) were of the
view that examination malpractices occur at a high rate in private schools.
None of these researchers have been able to identify whether or not examination
malpractices was at a higher rate in public schools than in private schools.
The argument therefore is, are the public secondary schools more involved in
examination malpractices than private schools in the local government? In the
past two decades, common observations in the school system showed that public
schools were engaged in examination malpractices at a high rate while private
schools were model schools (Aghenta, 2000; Adeyegbe, 2002). These days it is
common to find students who failed the senior secondary certificate examination
in public schools going to retake the examination in private schools and at the
same time passing the examination with credits and distinctions in such schools.
It seems that the need to have good results in public examinations and
advertise their schools to prospective students in the wake of money making
appears to have led many private schools to be involved in examination
malpractices.
Divergent
views have also been made about the rate of examination malpractices in urban
and rural secondary schools in the country. Some researchers (Ugo, 2004; Akpan
et al, 2005) were of the opinion that examination malpractices were high in
urban schools, other researchers (Lathrop and Foss, 2000; Onipade, 2003) had
the view point that examination malpractices were a common feature in rural
schools. They argued that it is common to find students who failed the senior
secondary certificate examinations in an urban school going to a remote rural
school to retake the examinations. At the end, such candidate tends to obtain
good results with credits and distinctions in the rural schools. Some of the
reasons given for this include the lack of effective supervision and monitoring
of public examinations in rural schools (Al-Methen and Wilkinson, 1992; Tairab,
1992; Odeinde, 2003). Hence, students seem to be left to massive cheating in
such examinations.
On the
national setting Olugbile (2004) conducted a study on the examination malpractices
in secondary schools in Nigeria and found that malpractices in senior secondary
certificate examinations were at a high. He reported that out of 909,888 pupils
who sat for the senior secondary certificate examinations in year 2002, 95,519
of them were involved in examination fraud, while out of the 929,294 pupils who
sat for the examinations in year 2003, 11,969 of them were involved in
examination malpractices. Supporting these findings, Onyechere (2004) reported
that the National Examinations Malpractices Index for Nigeria increased from
10.5 in 2002 to 12.1 in 2003 indicating that of every 100 pupils who wrote WAEC
senior secondary certificate examinations in 2003, 12 were involved in
examination scandal.
1.2
Statement of Problem
The
persistent occurrence of examination malpractices has been a major concern to
educationist. Despite the high premium placed on examinations by the National
Policy on Education (FGN, 2004), it seems that examination malpractices have
not been properly addressed in Egor Local Government. Common observations have
shown that there is mass cheating in public examinations in the local
government. Nothing concrete has been done to reduce the problem except the
cancellation of results for a particular centre or the withholding of results
in certain subjects. The problem of the study was that finding a lasting
solution to the issue of examination malpractices among secondary school
students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.3 Research
Questions
In
addressing the problem, the following research questions were raised:
What are the
perceived causes of examination malpractices in public examinations in
secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State?
What are the
identified devices used in examination malpractices in secondary schools in the
local government area?
Is there any
significant difference in teachers’ perception of examination malpractices in
public and private secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo
State?
Is there any
significant difference in teachers’ perception of examination malpractices in
urban and rural secondary schools in Edo State?
What
measures are currently taken to discourage, prevent or otherwise address
cheating in public examinations in secondary schools in Egor Local Government
Area of Edo State?
What
measures should be taken to discourage, prevent or otherwise address cheating
in public examination to the schools?
1.4 Purpose
of the Study
The study
aims at examining the perceived causes of examination malpractices among
students in secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State,
Nigeria and proffer useful suggestions on the way out of the problem.
1.5
Significance of the Study
The result
of this study will help in improving the level of discipline among students
through counselling services in schools.
It will also
help teachers at effective supervision of students during examinations, and
finally it will help in the termination of appointment of examination officials
and teachers involved in perpetrating examination malpractices so as to serve
as a deterrent to others.
1.6
Limitations
This study
is limited to only five secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo
State, this is due to lack of adequate finance and time constraint.
1.7
Definition of Terms
Examination:
This is a formal test that is normally taken to test your knowledge of a
subject.
Malpractices:
This is a behaviour in which someone breaks the low or the rules of their
profession in order to gain some personal advantage.
Schools:
this is a place where children are educated or were children are taken to
learn.
Perceived:
This is to realize, see or notice something that is not obvious.
Causes: To
make something happen especially something bad or unpleasant. The person or
thing that makes something happen.
Solutions:
This is a way of dealing with or removing a difficulty.
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